Carole Satymurtis

Carole Satymurtis Essay Carole Satyamurti , an artist and humanist astutely weaved the predicament of conventional ladies in I Shall Paint my Nails Red : ladies who are viewed as a unimportant foundation of the general public disregarded and lost in the everyday of her reality . While it is anything but difficult to perceive that I Shall Paint my Nails is only the exhibiting of a womans vanity looking for consideration, a more intensive gander at the sonnet would uncover a more profound and multi-layered investigation of ladies. Generally, Carole Satyamurtis I Shall Paint my Nails Red had the option to show the various jobs and translations of ladies of herself, to her girl , to her sweetheart , the general public and to life-that painting her nails red represents a takeoff from her standard job in to show a clever , fascinating and significant individual able to do far beyond her conventional schedules . It is an announcement of a womans significance The shading red is deciphered in verse as an interesting expression for enthusiasm , outrage and compelling feelings . In this light, Satyamurti utilized this shading to portray an apparently hilarious and minor sonnet into one that talks about a womans significance. In the primary line in light of the fact that a touch of shading is an open assistance (line 1 Satyamurti withdraws from the show that open help is about help , the economy and creation . Basically, the sonnet perceives that it isn't just men who are parts of creation and financial aspects that can perform open help yet in addition ladies who give amusement as well as magnificence and empathy . This is asserted in her second line when Satyamurti proclaimed that since I am glad for my hands (line 2 suggesting that her hands that are utilized to do family unit tasks are additionally significant . By painting it red , Satyamurti points out the job of ladies in the general public and in the family-that while they are not being paid for work they do each day of their lives , it ought not be disregarded . Therefore, being pleased with one s hands and putting a red paint on it proclaims that the lady knows about her financial and sociological job and hugeness Then again , the third and fourth lines of the sonnet focuses to the subject of solidarity and strengthening in ladies . In the line since it will remind me I m a lady (line 3 and in light of the fact that I will resemble a survivor the lady is pronouncing that being a lady implies being bold and solid . In this manner, by re-avowing her sex personality , the individual in the sonnet is likewise perceiving that ladies all in all have quality of characters . Moreover , in light of the fact that the shading red represents exceptional feelings , it inspires consideration in this way , advising us that ladies are not conventional Carole Satymurtis I Shall Paint my Nails Red is an awesome sonnet which I ended up intently identifying with. I feel that in this sonnet she reflects numerous sides of a womans life. It might be comprehended to have two separate messages, the direct and the concealed message. Satymurti does this through demonstrating both the multifaceted nature of a womans life, and the straightforwardness that likewise exists within. At first look, I Shall Paint My Nails Red gives a progressively evident and direct entertaining message where she states various reasons why she would paint her nails red. Each line places the peruser in an alternate circumstance which may even be applied to our own day by day lives. Satymurti does this by utilizing each day models and utilizing them to propose frequently preposterous purposes behind her to paint her nails red, including a touch of parody all through the sonnet. Hidden every thought, be that as it may, Satymurti infers a more profound message about l adies and the numerous jobs that they play in the public arena, and the way that they see themselves. Peruse: Modern reality play EssayThe first thought Satymurti recommends in the sonnet is, Because a touch of shading is open help. Here, she is inferring that in painting her nails red she is in actuality helping others out. This line makes me think about a lady stacking her staple goods onto the sales register before paying, flaunting her brilliant red nails and inciting a grin on the clerks face. She appears to accept that anyplace she were to go with these red nails, the world would see them and welcome them. Basic this primary thought be that as it may, I feel that Satymurti is attempting to depict the way that ladies are continually satisfying others needs. As moms, spouses, sweethearts, and in any event, working ladies in the public arena, ladies regularly feel that we should fulfill everybody around us. The accompanying line states, Because I am pleased with my hands. This thought recommends that she believes she is excellent and is glad to show that off. Nonetheless, the line may likewise imply that she is intense and is pleased with her own difficult work, as hands are frequently identified with physical work and work. Despite the fact that not all that normal at the time the sonnet was composed, today this lady might be depicted as even a single parent (As she later discussions about a little girl, and even a darling, yet no spouse) making a decent attempt to deal with her family, attempting to raise them and accommodate them. Regardless of her difficult work, this lady is still lady and does not have the unpleasant hands of a man. She paints her nails like each other lady, and is glad for her hands for all the work they have achieved her. The line that follows, Because it will remind me Im a lady alludes back to the line going before it. Here one may first basically imagine that by looking down at her hands and nails she will, once more, feel delightful and believe and recall that she is a lady. Looking past that straightforward first look, this line returns to a womans difficult work and the undertakings that she should achieve each day with her obligations. In all the regular pressure, a lady frequently overlooks that she is additionally delightful and that she is a lady. Notwithstanding the entirety of her difficult work, she is as yet fragile and in particular, she should in any case deal with herself.

Services Marketing Increasing Customer Participation

Question: Talk about the Essay for Services Marketing of Increasing Customer Participation. Answer: Presentation: This paper expects to talk about the assessment of administration experience, which includes the individual association of the buyers with the administration representatives, during the time spent profiting the administration. In todays profoundly serious world, the significance of legitimate and proficient help the executives can't be exaggerated. At the point when an association is equipped for rendering legitimate support of its purchasers, it causes them in giving most extreme buyer fulfillment that thusly helps the association in client maintenance and brand acknowledgment. Shostack characterized the term Service Encounter, as the specific time frame, when a shopper collaborates with an association, through its representatives, or its physical offices. The idea of administration experience is significant as though the administration being offered to the customer surpasses or if nothing else meets the shoppers desires, at that point just the association will have the option to le ave a positive impression in the brains of the purchasers (Dabholkar , 2015). In the event that, the shopper has an unsavory involvement in the administration representatives, he may settle on some another association. Conversation: A buyer is the genuine resource of an association, and as such the nature of administration rendered to the purchasers, become a matter of central significance. On visiting an association, consideration isn't just paid to what administration is being given, yet in addition how is it being given to the buyer. Woolworths, is one of the most presumed market chains in Australia, known for its nonstop assistance, in its online offer of basic food item items. These associations, for example, Woolworths, which gives virtual shopping encounters, to its purchasers, must guarantee that the representatives are brisk and brief in reacting to the sets of the buyers. At the point when a call was being made for requesting a couple of basic food item items, from Woolworths, the workers of the association took significant time, before one of them reacted to the call. In any case, the workers asserted that such a large number of individuals called up simultaneously, and there was a deficiency of time, in reacting to the brings in a brief timeframe, and henceforth there was delay in the entire procedure. Not just in this way, the site page of the association is likewise not exceptionally responsive, and that generally influences the general notoriety of the association. In the book named, Delivering Quality Service, the writers, Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Berry, talked about the significance of RATER model, in assessing the intensity of an association, in fulfilling its existent buyers. Here, the RATER model will be utilized so as to examine and gauge the degree to which Woolworths, as an association, is equipped for fulfilling the requests and the desires for its customers. Be that as it may, for doing the RATER review, a Gap examination will be completed, by considering every one of the five elements of the RATER model (Yan et al., 2013). The RATER model comprises of 5 parts Reliability, Assurance, Tangibility, Empathy and Responsiveness (The RATER Model: Five Ways to Measure Service, 2016). Most definitely, the association is very dependable, as it is deliberately sorted out in contacting the customer, and giving him whatever he has requested. Since, Woolworths is one of the not many retail associations that has presented the idea of online business, it is advantageous to submit a request, without the need to visit the shop. Be that as it may, the association should be increasingly Responsive, in connecting with the purchasers. The administration must be progressively speedy and exact in time, in such a case that the workers are deciding on virtual shopping strategies, they are without a doubt searching for time-serious methods of getting their merchandise and ventures conveyed (Sorensen et al., 2013). Thus, the representatives ought to be given legitimate preparing. Since at present, there are predetermined number o f workers, liable for taking the request from the shoppers around evening time, the administration authority needs to enlist a couple of new representatives. In spite of the fact that, the nature of the merchandise being conveyed by Woolworths, is irrefutably high, the nature of administration, isn't yet sufficient. Further, the site page is so frustrating, as it is exceptionally moderate and not normally refreshed, and doesn't contain numerous food things, sold in the physical shops of the association (Lee et al., 2013). Subsequently, as far as Assurance, the association can't give an exceptionally excellent support of the buyers. It is suggested, that the association consistently refreshes its official site page, and prepares its workers to fix the site page, making it more easy to understand. In any case, the client care administration is fantastically extraordinary, and the workers of the association acknowledge the inputs, both the positive and negative ones, with much toleranc e and sufficient consideration. At the point when the client assistance authority was being made mindful of the postponement in administration, the client care operator tuned in about the burden, with incredible persistence, warmth and compassion. Not just thus, he was sorry for the association, and the entire signal was very increasing in value. The nature of Empathy while managing the buyer, can cause him to feel esteemed and acknowledged, and thus incredible significance ought to be connected to the equivalent, while rendering administration to the customers. Regarding substantial quality, the representatives, the employed specialists are a greater amount of less being given satisfactory preparing, to serve the buyers with adequate consideration and consideration (Soderlund et al., 2013). There are generally different sorts of clients, and every one can be profoundly recognized from that person, as far as their desires from an association. There are not many clients who as a rule have a low degree of continuance, and as such they would incline toward a help that is exceptionally brisk, responsive and brief. Without tight scope of administration, these buyers may even decide on other help. In the greater part of the cases, a buyer, while benefiting the administration from an association, considers the administration experience framework, for example, the representatives communication with the purchaser, physical office, and different variables a significant piece of the administration itself. Thus, it is essential to fulfill the requests of the buyers, more productively than the opponent associations. The administration desires for the purchasers, can be affected by different elements, for example, informal correspondence or past experience. If there should be an occur rence of informal correspondence, an individual getting affected to benefit a help, in view of the proposal of a companion or subsequent to viewing the ad on TV, the desire for the customer is typically not exceptionally high. Then again, if there should be an occurrence of past experience, the customers past presentation to comparable help, may build the desire level of the shoppers. Remembering this, an association needs to receive methodologies, that will help in the quality administration of the association (Marr , 2013). Unwavering quality is a significant issue, in any business association, and it must guarantee that the shoppers can appreciate a continuous help on part of the workers, serving them. So as to meet the shoppers desires, an association must make its administration open however much as could reasonably be expected, and if necessary, the association ought to be taking assistance of measurements to quantify the degree of its buyer fulfillment. For this, leading studies on the buyers, can help in understanding the entire circumstance. At the point when purchasers visit Woolworths, they anticipate an exceptionally excellent help, and it is the obligation of the administration authority of Woolworths, to guarantee that it is having the option to ascend to the desire level of its shoppers.. Without the equivalent, the administration recognition hole will develop, which step by step ruins the notoriety of the association (Rao et al., 2015). Further, the association ought to guarantee that ther e is no market correspondence hole. Ordinarily, Woolworths remains valid and faithful to the guarantees, it makes to the buyers, yet in spite of that reality, much protests were being made, in the ongoing past, when a few customers couldn't access the limits and offers Woolworths guaranteed its buyers, through web based shopping mode. The administration conveyance hole, ought to likewise be considered with equivalent consideration (Wilson et al., 2012). This hole is characterized as the contrast between what the customers anticipate that the administration of an association should be, and what is the real standard of administration being given. Woolworths, itself is guaranteed by British Standards Instituition, that guarantees that all the items sold by Woolworths, is at standard with the security measures (Vargo and Lasch , 2014). The representatives, simultaneously, liable for offering the types of assistance, are prepared, and since they have a place with various social foundatio ns, there is lesser chance of contention with the customers of various ethnic foundations. Truth be told, the workers are polite, and very amicable in the manner in which they communicate with the purchasers. Their responsiveness to the requests of the shoppers, and an ability to help them, when they visit the shop, is very praiseworthy (Sirianni et al., 2013). End: The idea of administration experience is profoundly significant. This is on the grounds that, administration experience is straightforwardly corresponding as per the general inclination of the purchasers, and is by implication identified with the apparent worth and trust of the association. As indicated by Parasuraman, the fulfillment of the buyers depends not just on the items being sold and the administrations being offered, yet additionally on how the purchasers are being treated all the while. Henceforth, keeping this point in thought, the associations are attempting to improve every individual help experience, by getting change the structure of the association, its way of thinking or its way of life . Reference List: Dabholkar, P. A. (2015). Step by step instructions to improve see

NIAAA Funds Studies in Alcohol and Alcoholism Research

NIAAA Funds Studies in Alcohol and Alcoholism Research Addiction Alcohol Use Print NIAAA Funds Research in Alcohol and Alcoholism By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on July 27, 2019 NIAAA Funds 90% of All Alcohol Research. © Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery With the support of NIAAA, scientists at medical centers and universities throughout the country are studying alcoholism. The goal of this research is to develop more effective ways of treating and preventing alcohol problems. Today, NIAAA funds approximately 90 percent of all alcoholism research in the United States. Some of the more exciting investigations include: Genetic research: Scientists are now studying 3,000 individuals from several hundred families with a history of alcoholism in order to pinpoint the location of genes that influence vulnerability to alcoholism. This new knowledge will help identify individuals at high risk for alcoholism and also will pave the way for the development of new treatments for alcohol-related problems. Other research is investigating the ways in which genetic and environmental factors combine to cause alcoholism.Treatment approaches: NIAAA also sponsored a study called Project MATCH, which tested whether treatment outcome could be improved by matching patients to three types of treatment based on particular individual characteristics. This study found that all three types of treatment reduced drinking markedly in the year following treatment.New medications: Studies supported by NIAAA have led to the Food and Drug Administrations approval of the medication naltrexone (ReVia) for the treatment of alcoholism . When used in combination with counseling, this prescription drug lessens the craving for alcohol in many people and helps prevent a return to heavy drinking. Naltrexone is the first medication approved in 45 years to help alcoholics stay sober after they detoxify from alcohol. Preventing Alcohol Problems In addition to these efforts, NIAAA is sponsoring promising research in other vital areas, such as fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohols effects on the brain and other organs, aspects of drinkers environments that may contribute to alcohol abuse and alcoholism, strategies to reduce alcohol-related problems, and new treatment techniques. Together, these investigations will help to prevent alcohol problems; identify alcohol abuse and alcoholism at earlier stages; and make available new, more effective treatment approaches for individuals and families. NIAAA Research Advances Since 1970, the NIAAA has been the lead Federal agency responsible for scientific research on alcohol and its effects. Some of the agencys key contributions include: The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions;Research to identify the genes linked to alcoholism;Creation of the Collaborative Studies on Genetics of AlcoholismExploring the effects of alcohol on fetal development;Supporting a medications development program;Research on preventing alcohol problems through community programs;Production of award-winning clinician training materials.

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Mythical Answers to Pet Setting Business Ad Essay Samples Revealed

Mythical Answers to Pet Setting Business Ad Essay Samples Revealed Economic growth today is an essential element portion of global improvement. Organizational culture is a significant aspect in any administration. The aim is to sell 5000 PABS in the very first calendar year. It's important to bear in mind that courage and initiative are wonderful things, but they're not sufficient to be prosperous in business. Consequently, anyone considering owning a pet store ought to have a summary of the steps necessary to attain their dreams of having pet shop. Getting tech savvy is a significant portion of your pet shop advertising strategy. By bringing the physical world of local commerce on the world wide web, Groupon is developing a new way for local merchants to entice clients and sell goods and solutions. If you're a small company and looking to set up your on-line presence, you should give it a go. The company listing on Yahoo is for the users to learn your business enterprise l.. Many forums enable you to place a very brief ad together with your link welcoming people to stop by your site. Yahoo is the biggest website on the planet, and there's a reason for it. So imagine what it is that you're up against in the event that you should attempt writing business essay all on your own. You'll observe a similar structure in a lot of the essays. Should you need some extra support, have a look at our essay help section to discover more about the best way to structure and write essays. The critical style of an essay must be retained even though the contents will have a good deal of references to statistical data in addition to graphical charts. If you're looking for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. The simplest way to influence the sort of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. There's no ideal solution on the best way to compose an effective essay. Bridget's essay is quite strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Dogs are genuinely loyal creatures. Additionally, the animals will usually arrive with a microchip already imbedded in addition to have already been altered. Pet stores are extremely exciting and intriguing places. Pet clinic employees were not so helpful. Also it's a very fierce customer in regards to guarding the home. The Tried and True Method for Pet Setting Business Ad Essay Samples in Step by Step Detail Most people today utilize other complimentary objects to tell something extra in regards to the advert that does not have any direct pronunciation through the matter. Every time a new product is created, folks can know about them thanks to advertisements. The sex of the man or woman can be an additional element to examine. For instance, if there's a person standing in the advert, an individual needs to be in a position to be aware of the reason why he's standing and not sitting. A Startling Fact about Pet Setting Business Ad Essay Samples Uncovered The folks on the other side of the creation of commercials utilize glamorous objects to appeal to the consumers and to, then, provoke them to purchase their product. The absolu te most important quality you will need is to be reliable. Highly Favored Creations employees, on the flip side, undergo a detailed training regime in all elements of the item, so they have extensive product knowledge. The distribution of merchandise is always important, getting the perfect quantities of merchandise at right place and at right time is a significant prerequisite for customers to get the products (Blythe 2006). MarketThe pet product business is a big and expanding market. During precisely the same time, an increasing number of business became aware of the idea of Market Segmentation including the pet food market. Every day the company world employs advertising to captivate, motivate or show case a particular product that's in the marketplace. It is great in dimensions. Consumers are the people who buy the products for their requirements. Businesses provide lots of elements highly important to a nation's economy like employment, productivity and a sort of financial security. They make up a significant portion of a country's economy. They thrive when they are able to provide a product people want.

The Impact of Medical Technology on Health Care Finance Free Essays

string(79) " also require costly maintenance and demand the use of additional consumables\." | The Impact of Medical Technology on Health Care Finance| Patricia Brewer| | | | | Health care costs have been rising for several years. United States health care Expenditures surpassed $2. 3 trillion in 2008, more than three times the $714 billion spent in 1990, and over eight times the $253 billion spent in 1980 (Kimbuende, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Medical Technology on Health Care Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Slowing this growth has become a major policy priority, as the government, employers, and consumers increasingly struggle to keep up with health care costs. In 2008, U. S. health care spending was about $7,681 per resident and accounted for 16. 2% of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product. This is among the highest of all industrialized countries. Total health care expenditures grew at an annual rate of 4. 4 percent in 2008, a slower rate than recent years, yet still outpacing inflation and the growth in national income. There is a general agreement that health costs are likely to continue to rise in the near future. Many analysts have cited controlling health care costs as a key for broader economic stability and growth, and President Obama has made cost control a focus of health reform efforts under way. By 2016, total health spending is projected to rise to $4. 2 trillion. Rising health care costs raise health insurance premiums, which are also growing at a much quicker pace than overall inflation or workers’ earnings. Health spending has been rising two and a half percent a year, faster than the gross domestic product over the past four decades (Covington, 2008). Although Americans benefit from many of the investments in health care, the recent rapid cost growth, plus with an overall economic slowdown and rising federal deficit, is placing great strains on the systems used to finance health care, including private employer-sponsored health insurance coverage and public insurance programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. Since 1999, family premiums for employer-sponsored health coverage have increased by 131 percent, placing increasing cost burdens on employers and workers. The average cost of a one-day stay in a hospital has now risen to over $500, the total cost of a coronary bypass operation and follow-up treatment has reached $37,300, and the average cost of delivering a baby now exceeds $2500. As costs have increased, fewer people have been able to afford the medical care they need. Over 37 million Americans, including over 12 million children, carry no health insurance at all and are unable to afford private health care, they must rely on a public health system that cannot deal with such a burden. With workers’ wages growing at a much slower pace than health care costs, many face difficulty in affording out-of-pocket spending. Government programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, also account for a significant share of health care spending, but they have increased at a slower rate than other private insurance. Medicare per capita spending has grown at a slightly lower rate, on average, than private health insurance spending, at about 6. 8 vs. 7. 1% annually between 1998 and 2008. Medicaid expenditures, similarly, have grown at slower rate than private spending, though enrollment in the program has increased during the current economic recession, which may result in increased Medicaid spending figures in the near future (Kimbuende, 2010). A major cause of the rise in health care spending is due to advancements in medicine and technology. Both have improved and lengthened the lives of many Americans, but as most know they do not come without a cost. Newly rising procedures are often expensive to give and increase overall health care spending. According to the Congressional Budget Office, â€Å"the bulk of increases in health care spending could be attributed to the development and dissemination of new technologies and medical services. † Such advancements also lead to changes in practice, which together tend to increase spending. Consumer demand and increased utilization add to costs (â€Å"Changes in Medical Technology,† 2007). Ethics comes in at this point because medical technology is highly valued as a â€Å"beloved feature of American medicine. † Patients expect up to date procedures, doctors are primarily trained to use it, and the medical industries make billions of dollars selling it. The rising costs are seen as a major issue because many people in the United States aid from the new procedures and treatments produced each year. Medical technology refers to the procedures, equipment, and processes by which medical care is delivered (Barbash, 2008). Changes or advancements in technology would include new medical and surgical procedures, as well as new drugs and medical devices, such as scanners and defibrillators. Also the recent rise and interest in universalizing Electronic Medical Records and the use of preventive medicine has attributed to the growing costs. Technological innovation has given us vaccines, antibiotics, advanced heart disease care, splendid surgical advances, and fine cancer treatments (Barbash, 2008). Most health policy analysts agree that the long- term increase in health care spending is principally the result of the health care system’s incorporation of these new services in clinical practice. A robotic surgical device is an example of how technology advancement can increase health care costs. These high tech procedures of becoming extremely popular and seem to be the future of surgery. These robots allow surgeons to operate remote-controlled robotic arms, which may facilitate the performance of laparoscopic procedures. Laparoscopic surgery is associated with shorter hospital stays than open surgery, as well as with less postoperative pain and scarring, and lower risks of infection and need for blood transfusion. Robotic technology has been adopted rapidly over the past four years in both the United States and Europe. The number of robot-assisted procedures that are performed worldwide have nearly tripled since 2007, from 80,000 to 205,000. Robotic technology affects expenditures by increasing the cost per procedure. Robotic surgical systems have high fixed costs, with prices ranging from $1 million to $2. 5 million for each unit. Surgeons must perform 150 to 250 procedures to become adept in their use (â€Å"Robotic Surgery Technology,† 2006). The systems also require costly maintenance and demand the use of additional consumables. You read "The Impact of Medical Technology on Health Care Finance" in category "Essay examples" The use of robotic systems may also require more operating time than alternatives. Robot- assisted procedures may contribute to shorter hospital stays, which will decrease costs, but at the same time require physicians to train on these instruments. Each instrument is a pricey expenditure for a hospital to pay for (Barbash, 2008). To maintain these instruments and keep them up to date will be an added cost as well. These instruments perform miracles and may seem like a wonderful addition to the surgical world, but are not cheap. Advancements in scanner technology, such as CT’s, allows for greater visibility at a higher resolution than was possible before. Innovative scanners, advanced applications, and exciting breakthroughs in clinical procedures are driving an increased use of a CT as a primary diagnostic tool for procedures such as colonography, cancer detection and staging, lung analysis, cardiac studies and radiotherapy planning (â€Å"Diagnostic Imaging,† 2011). Hospitals and other health care facilities are pressured to purchase such equipment to keep up with the public demand for these high-specialized tests. With out such machines and technology the public will turn elsewhere to receive the care that they so desire and need, which will end in a loss of profit for such hospitals and other facilities. Another technological advancement that has a great impact on healthcare finance is the emergence of the Electronic Medical Record. Electronic Medical Records is a computerized medical record created in an organization that delivers care, such as a hospital or physician’s office. Electronic medical records tend to be a part of a local stand-alone health information system that allows storage, retrieval and modification of records. The 2003 IOM Patient Safety Report describes an EMR as, â€Å"a longitudinal collection of electronic health information for and about persons, immediate electronic access to person- and population-level information by authorized users, and provision of knowledge and decision-support systems that enhance the quality, safety, and efficiency of patient care (â€Å"Electronic Medical Records,†2011). † The adoption of these records can be quite costly. The price of an EMR system can range from a thousand dollars to ten thousand dollars, and in some cases they can cost even more. EMR costs increase as the system becomes more feature-rich. Huge facilities can buy complete EMR systems that cost around plus forty thousand dollars. Training and maintenance costs also have to be taken into account when purchasing EMR’s. All staff must be trained to operate the new machines, coming familiar with the new software and patient records. If you want to utilize the EMR product to its full potential, then you need hardware that perfectly complements the software. Purchasing computers and up to date software that will last for the long term is also an added cost. These systems also require maintenance to keep them working sufficiently. A facility may also need to hire a networking professional to monitor and maintain the network in their facilities. A networking expert will ensure that the workstations remain connected to each other and seamlessly exchange data (â€Å"Electronic Medical Records,† 2011). The installation and upkeep of EMR’s is not a cheap process. Many hospitals and private facilities are hesitant to make the improvement. The costly technology can improve the quality of care for patients by knowing ones medical history and prescription drugs they are on or allergic too. It can also decrease unnecessary testing in many cases. President Barack Obama, as part of the effort to revive the economy, has proposed a massive effort to modernize health care by making all health records standardized and electronic. His aim is to computerize all health records within five years. He believes the quality of health care for all Americans gets a big boost, and osts will decline. Independent studies from Harvard, RAND and the Commonwealth Fund have shown that such a plan could cost at least $75 billion to $100 billion over the ten years they think the hospitals would need to implement program. The healthcare initiative will be one of the priciest parts of the plan. Along with the high costs a major concern of the government is that lack of skilled workers to build and implement the necessary technology. The biggest cos t will be paying and training the labor force needed to create the network. The savings of such a plan could be substantial. The government estimates that a fully computerized health record system could save the industry $200 billion to $300 billion a year, and could ultimately slow the rapid rise of health care premiums, which have cut into Americans’ pay checks. There are many advantages that the Electronic Medical Records pose for both patients and physicians. The EMR can reduce errors in medical records. Handwritten records are subject to lots of human errors due to misspelling, illegibility, and differing terminologies. On-screen or printed text is often far more legible than handwritten. This can help prevent patient’s receiving the wrong medication or procedures, saving doctors from medical malpractice suits (Molar, 2010). Clinical errors cause at least 44,000 deaths annually in the United States. These deaths largely result from process errors, or the failure to provide recommended treatments for patients with certain medical conditions. With direct medical costs estimated at $17 billion annually, these errors impose a substantial burden on both the health care system and society as a whole. The real time paperless record include reducing the need for costly reproductions of laboratory findings and diagnostic reports, which in many health care facilities are still typed, copied, and physically carried to a hospital floor, clinic office, or medical records room to be placed in the patient’s chart (Hunt, 2009). Loss of reports, or delays, are common until this information reaches the chart and the providers. While wages are rising at a rate of around 3% a year, health care costs are growing at about three times that rate (Goldman, 2009). Prescription drugs also play a role in Health Care finance. Advances in pharmaceuticals have transformed health care over the last several decades. Today, many health problems are prevented, cured, or managed effectively for years through the use of prescription drugs. In some cases, the use of prescription medicines keeps people from needing other expensive health care such as being hospitalized or having surgery. In 2007, 90% of seniors and 58% of non-elderly adults rely on a prescription medicine on a regular basis (Kimbuende, 2010). Since the 1990s spending on prescription drugs has been a much more prominent component of growth in total spending. From 1995 to 2005, it grew by an average of about 10 percent per year and is still on the rise as the future of prescription drugs lies in the baby boomer generation (â€Å"Technological Change,† 2008). Increased Medical Technology has led to the use of defensive medicine by many health care physicians. Defensive Medicine refers to services that have little or no clinical value, but that physicians order or perform at least to avoid lawsuits (â€Å"Technological Change,†2008). With high malpractice premiums, more physicians everyday are turning to this type of practice. It is raising health care costs by performing unnecessary tests and procedures on patients that may not need them. There is reason to believe that new technology can in fact reduce health care spending. Some vaccines may offer the potential for savings, and certain types of preventive medical care may help some patients avoid costly hospitalization for acute care. Future advances in molecular biology and genetics, may one day offer the possibility of savings if they make curative therapies available. Continued advances in understanding the genetic origins of disease offer the credible possibility that future providers will accurately predict the health risks faced by individual patients and design therapies tailored specifically to them (Convington, 2008). Overall, examples of new treatments for which long-term savings have been clearly demonstrated are few. Many medical advances to date have increased spending because they made treatments available for conditions that were previously impossible to treat or were not aggressively treated. Furthermore, improvements in medical care that decrease mortality by helping patients avoid or survive acute health problems paradoxically increase overall spending on health care because surviving patients live longer and therefore use health services for more years (â€Å"Technological Change,† 2008). With the baby boomers approaching retirement age and living past recent life expectancy age, health care costs are projected to rise even further. Technological advances and new medicines and prescription drugs are keeping people alive longer and putting a strain on our health care system. In coming decades, the share of the population that is covered by Medicare will expand rapidly as members of the baby- boom generation become eligible for the program, and the share that uses long-term care services financed by Medicaid will also probably increase. According to the American Hospital Association, â€Å"the first boomers will reach 65 in 2011 and 37 million of them will be managing one chronic condition by 2030. † Also 14 million Boomers will be living with diabetes, that’s one out of every four Boomers. Almost half of this generation will live with arthritis, and that number peaks to just over 26 million in 2020. More than one out of three Boomers, over 21 million, will be considered obese. As these patients live with multiple chronic diseases, demand for services will increase. The number of physician visits has been increasing for all adults, up 34 percent over the last decade, and this trend is expected to continue. By 2020, Boomers will account for four in 10 office visits to physicians and over the next 20 years, Boomers will make up a greater proportion of hospitalizations as they live longer but with multiple complex conditions. At the same time, the number of registered nurses, primary care and specialty physicians will not keep pace with demand. As the Boomer generation is more racially and ethnically diverse, there will also be a greater need for caregivers who reflect the diversity of and increase in this population (â€Å"How Boomers will change Health Care,†2007). With changing demands, expectations and new technology, care delivery will also change. Boomers have lived through an amazing array of medical advances, from polio vaccine to radical heart surgery, and that trend will continue over the next two decades. Medical Advancements are taking place every day and are given rise to growing health care costs. Rising health care expenditures lead to the question of whether we are getting value for the money we spend. Compared to other high-income countries, the U. S. spends more, but this spending is not reflected in greater health care resources, such as hospital beds, physicians, nurses, MRIs, and CT scanners per capita  or better measures of health. The United States needs to figure out a way to use these advancements to our benefit and reduce cost while maintaining good quality of care to every patient. With the growing elderly population, medical technology is in high demand as many people over 65 are suffering with at least one chronic condition. The Untied States government and health care providers need to figure out a way to reduce the health care costs. The incorporation of preventive medicine and Electronic Medical Records can aid in cost reduction for the future. Unnecessary testing should be avoided to also help reduce costs. Hopefully, EMR’s can reduce the amount of tests being performed and duplicated. Policies focusing on new and expanding technologies may have success in reducing the rate of growing health care costs but can be difficult to implement. In the long run, bringing health spending growth closer to the rate of overall economic growth would require finding ways to slow the development and diffusion of new healthcare technologies and practices, as well as developing ways to weigh the costs and benefits of new technologies (â€Å"Technological change,† 2008). References Barbash, G. (2010). New Technology and Health Care Costs. New England Journal of Medicine. Retrieved from http://www. nejm. org/doi/full/10. 1056/NEJMp1006602 Convington, L. (2008). An Alliance for Health Reform. Retrieved From http://www. allhealth. org/publications/cost_of_health_care/health_care_costs_toolk Diagnostic Imaging. (2011). Hospital and Healthcare Management. Retrieved From http://www. asianhhm. com/medical_sciences/advances_CT_technology. htm Electronic Medical Records. (2011). Open Clinical. Retrieved From http://www. openclinical. org/emr. html Goldman, D. (2009). Obama’s big idea: Digital Health Records. New York Times. Retrieved December 2, 2011, from http://www. nytimes. com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp3004. html? campaignId=384LY How Boomers Will Change Health Care. (2007). American Hospital Association. Retrieved From http://aha. org How Changes in Medical Technology affect Health Care Costs. (2007). Retrieved From http://www. kff. org/insurance/snapshot/chcm030807oth. cfm Johns Hopkins University (2006, November 28). Robotic Surgery Technology Gives Doctors ‘Sense Of Touch’. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 6, 2011, from http://www. ciencedaily. com ­ /releases/2006/11/061128121916. htm Kimbuende, E. (2010). Health Care Costs. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved From http://www. kaiseredu. org/Issue-Modules/Prescription-Drug-Costs/Background-Brief Technological change and the Growth of Health Care Spending. (2008). Congressional Budge Office Retrieved From http://www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/89xx/doc8947/01-31-TechHealth. pdf The Long Term Outlook for Health Care Spendi ng. (2007). Congressional Budget Office Retrieved From http://www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/87xx/doc8758/11-13-LT-Health. pdf How to cite The Impact of Medical Technology on Health Care Finance, Essay examples

The Ideal Features of an Ideal Market Economy

The most important virtue of a market economy is efficiency when it comes to the use of resources, capital, and labour. The main goal of the efficient use of the three is for the market to supply the demand for products and services. And this can only be achieved if ideal conditions are in existence. These are: a) competitors that cannot dictate prices; b) access to labour and capital; 3) the customers must know about the prices and the products that are available in the market; and 4) producers must have an idea what the market demands.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Ideal Features of an Ideal Market Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aside from the existence of these conditions, there must also be the freedom to choose. Every participant of the market economy must have this freedom. They must be able to choose what they want and refuse what they do not want. In every transaction each party must reali ze that they have chosen the best. In other words the transaction that they entered into must be mutually beneficial. Based on this discussion about the ideal features of an ideal market economy it can also be argued that advertising is an important component because the consumers must know what is available in the market. They must know the features of the products and what is included in the services sold by businessmen. It is only after they are made aware of these products that they can make a decision which product and service to buy or patronise. However, experts in the field of economics are saying that advertising can have both a negative and positive impact to a market economy. On one side they argue that advertising create demand when there should have been no demand and this would increase the price of goods that are in limited supply. At the same time advertising can create brand loyalty and a successful ad campaign will make the consumers believe that there is no other product that is much better than what they currently use. This made others to say that this blocks the entry of other competitors and since competition is needed to create an efficient economy then this is a problem. Those on the other side made their counter-argument that advertising is good for the market economy because it pressures the brand leader to maintain high-quality or else their customers will buy the products produced by their competitor. They also add that advertising’s main purpose is to inform consumers and this is good for the economy. And so, in order to resolve the issue many are saying that advertising must be allowed to continue only with one condition and it is for the producers to make truthful claims about their products. There are even those who said that this must be regulated – that no one should be allowed to create an ad that will make consumers use products or services that will harm them.Advertising Looking for essay on business eco nomics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order therefore to have an ideal market economy where the needs of the consumers are met while the producers or entrepreneurs make money there is a need to have an efficient use of resource, capital, and labour. There must also be advertising because the consumers should know what is available in the market. However, advertising can be good or bad depending on how producers use it. If they use it to inform then it is good but if they use it to deceive then it is bad. This essay on The Ideal Features of an Ideal Market Economy was written and submitted by user Charley Wilkerson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Complete AP Biology Review Guide for 2019

The Complete AP Biology Review Guide for 2019 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Reviewing for the AP Biology exam can seem daunting. There's so much material to cover, and much of it is highly complex. However, if you plan your time well and use appropriate study materials and strategies, you can expect a great score on the exam. In this article, I'll give you an overview of what the AP Biology exam is like, what you need to know to ace it, and how you can use your study time effectively before the exam on Monday, May 14, 2018 at 8 am! What's the Format of the AP Biology Exam? The AP Biology Exam is a long test, three hours long to be exact. Like other AP tests, it has two parts, a multiple-choice section and a free-response section (each of which is worth 50 percent of your score), although these sections are divided further into different types of questions. The multiple choice section has 63 actual multiple-choice questions and six grid-in questions, which are essentially short-answer math problems. This section is one hour and 30 minutes total. Each multiple choice question has four choices, down from five in earlier versions of the exam. Even though you technically have more than a minute for each question, I would recommend keeping your time under a minute per multiple-choice question on your first pass through the section. You should also take into account the fact that the grid-in questions may be more time-consuming. There is no guessing penalty, so you should answer every question even if you have no idea which choice is correct (after you've tried to figure it out of course!). The free-response section has eight questions total: six short-response questions and two long-response questions. This section takes up the remaining hour and thirty minutes of time. There is a 10 minute reading period at the beginning of the free response section. You'll need to pace yourself wisely on this section as well. Try to spend no more than five minutes on each short free-response question. Even though they technically come after the long questions, I'd recommend doing the short questions first to get yourself warmed up. If you manage your time well, you'll have at least 20-25 minutes left for each of the long free-response questions. Here's a chart showing the format of the exam. Multiple-Choice Section Free-Response Section Length 90 minutes 90 minutes Number of Questions 63 multiple choice 6 grid-in 6 short response 2 long response Percentage of Total Score 50% 50% The AP Biology exam is a marathon, not a sprint. If it helps, during the test you can think about how lucky you are to be taking a test and not running an actual marathon. What Do Questions Look Like on the AP Biology Exam? Here's an example of a multiple-choice question you might see on the AP Biology exam: You don't necessarily need lots of in-depth biology knowledge to answer this. The answer is A because the total volume of gas wouldn't change (and oxygen consumption would be unmeasurable) unless the carbon dioxide produced by the organisms was removed from the environment. You can see this from the information contained in the question. This question is part of a group of three questions that pertain to the experiment and data chart. You'll see many question clusters like this in the multiple-choice section. Here's an example of a grid-in question: The grid-ins are usually straightforward math problems that relate to biological concepts (the answer to this question is 60). Note that you are allowed to use a calculator on the exam, and you'll get a list of formulas that pertain to the course along with your testing materials. Here's an example of a short free-response question from the 2013 exam: This question requires an understanding of how evolution shapes the formation of new species (one of the "Big Ideas" of AP biology, which I'll talk about in the next section). To get the correct answer, you have to know the facts about evolution, but you also need to be able to apply that knowledge to make inferences about this specific scenario. This is why a deeper understanding of the main topics in AP Biology is so critical- the difference between knowing the facts about something and comprehending how it works can be surprisingly large. Here's an example of a long free-response question: This question is also heavier on analysis than straight up biology knowledge. You need to be able to read and understand the graphs and table so you can use them to inform your answer to the question. Once again, an understanding of evolution and the ability to apply that knowledge to a specific scenario is critical. What Topics Does the AP Biology Exam Cover? The College Board says in its Course Description that AP Biology has changed its focus from the more memorization-based curriculum that defined the course and exam in the past. The goal is for students to gain a deeper conceptual understanding of topics in biology. Reasoning skills and knowledge of the process of scientific inquiry are more important on the current AP Biology test than they have been before. The College Board has tried to structure the exam so that content knowledge and reasoning skills are intertwined. This can be both good and bad: the good is that you won't necessarily have to memorize as many little tidbits of information, the bad is that it can be harder to study for a test like this that covers more abstract forms of knowledge. More on how to manage this in the "How to Review" section! The exam and curriculum as a whole will be centered around your understanding of these four "Big Ideas," which each cover a bunch of different topics. Your success on the exam rests on being able to connect specific concepts with the overarching Big Ideas that define the course. Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life Includes: Natural selection Hardy-Weinberg Biodiversity and categorization of organisms Charles Darwin married his first cousin. You'd think he would know better. Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis Includes: Molecular biology Biological systems and reactions Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Cell structure Cell membrane properties (diffusion and osmosis, proteins) Thermodynamics/homeostasis Immune response Photosynthesis is way more elegant than eating. Then again, flowers will never taste ice cream, so I kinda feel sorry for them. Big Idea 3: Living systems store, receive, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes Includes: Genes and gene mutations DNA/RNA Cell cycle (mitosis, meiosis) and cell communication Mendel and laws of inheritance Viruses Endocrine system Nervous system Deoxyribonucleic acid: It's DNAmazing!â„ ¢ Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties Includes: Enzymes Plant structure and systems Circulatory system Digestive system Musculoskeletal system Ecological principles Fun digestive system fact: If you eat a watermelon seed, a watermelon will grow inside your stomach. The ideal climate for watermelon growth is 96 degrees and highly acidic. Apart from background knowledge of this content, it's also important to understand your labs and the basic underlying principles that govern scientific experiments. If you know the ins and outs of experimental design, you'll earn a lot of points on the exam. I recommend the CliffsNotes AP Biology 4th Edition review book as a helpful resource for going over labs, but you should also look back at what you did in your class. I'll provide more details on this in the next few sections. Important Lab Topics Include: Artificial Selection Modeling Evolution Comparing DNA Sequences Diffusion and Osmosis Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Mitosis and Meiosis Bacterial Transformation Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA Energy Dynamics Transpiration Animal Behavior Enzyme Catalysis Microscopes show us that the world around us is far creepier and grosser than we ever imagined. AP Biology Review Preview: Important Tips to Keep in Mind In this section, I'll give you some preliminary study tips that will help you get the most out of your AP Biology review time. Tip 1: Plan Out Your Time First of all, you should think about how much time you have left before the AP test. This will affect the structure of your study plan. If you're taking other AP classes or have a lot of commitments in general, you might want to start earlier depending on your confidence with the material. Consider your schedule and the time you're willing to spend on AP Biology. Since there's so much content in this course, I think 20 hours of studying is a reasonable goal. However, if you find that you're already scoring at a high level (a high 4 or anywhere in the 5 range), you might aim for just 10 hours or so. You should balance your time relatively evenly between studying the material and taking practice tests. In AP Biology, you might benefit from devoting a bit more time to practice testing. Since the test is now more targeted towards assessing analytical skills, practicing real AP questions may help you more than memorizing content (although both are still important!). I'll give you more information about how to use practice tests and review materials effectively in the next few sections. Tip 2: Use Appropriate Review Materials The importance of using the right review materials can't be overstated, especially in the case of AP Biology. With the recent changes to the test, it's critical that you don't use old study materials and assume they will give you all the tools you need to succeed in the new format. From reading student feedback on many AP Biology review books, it seems like some prep companies have struggled to adapt their practice questions and review methods to this version of the test. However, there are still resources out there that can help you. Review books that people found most useful include CliffsNotes AP Biology 5th Edition for content review and Sterling AP Biology Practice Questions for practice questions that will give you a good sense of what the new test is like. Pearson's Preparing for the AP Biology Exam book also has some good reviews and may be a nice source of practice free response questions. Strangely enough, the most popular prep companies, like Princeton Review and Barron's, have been less successful in updating their review materials to match the new test. If you get their review books, you should supplement them with practice questions from other sources. Avoid using practice questions that come from exams before the 2013 test, when the changes were implemented. You might still be able to use them to refresh your memory on certain topics, but they won't really prepare you for the more analytical framework of questions on the current test. Tip 3: Memorization Isn't Enough Even though AP Biology still involves a fair amount of memorization, you shouldn't focus exclusively on content knowledge and assume you'll do great on the test. Questions will test your critical thinking skills and logical reasoning abilities along with your knowledge of biology. That's why it's so important to spend a significant amount of time doing practice questions in addition to content review. Don't let the test surprise you! Tip 4: Don't Forget About Labs Revisiting old labs is not super fun (well, it wasn't for me), so you might be tempted to ignore them and just focus on studying content outside of the lab context. Try to avoid this temptation! Go through your labs, and make sure you understand their methodologies and the reasoning behind the results. Understanding the scientific method and the components of a good experiment is absolutely key on the AP Bio exam. The more lab review you do, the more comfortable you'll feel during the test. Remember the lab where you melted down entire trees into a mysterious green serum? No? Well then, you better get studying! How to Review for the AP Biology Exam When you're studying for the exam, follow the five steps below to make sure your AP Bio review is as effective as possible. Step 1: Take a Diagnostic Test The first step of your AP Biology review is to take a practice exam so you can see how much you'll need to study (and which areas need the most work). You should take your first complete practice test no later than the beginning of your second semester. You can use a practice exam from a review book or search online for a practice test. The review books I mentioned in the previous section have some good materials. When you take a practice test, make sure it's the new version of the exam. If you see practice tests that have 100 multiple choice questions in the first section, you're looking at an old version of the AP Biology Exam. You won't be able to rely on your scores on this version to get a clear picture of where you fall on the new test. Step 2: Calculate Your Score and Set a New Goal Once you've taken a diagnostic test, you can calculate your score on the 1-5 AP scale. According to the CliffsNotes review book that I mentioned above, you can calculate your score using the following method: Multiply the number of questions you answered correctly in section 1 (multiple choice and grid-in) by 0.725 Multiply the number of points you earned in section 2 by 1.25 Add those two numbers together to get your raw score Then convert the raw score to an AP score: Raw Composite Score AP Score 60-100 5 50-59 4 41-49 3 33-40 2 0-32 1 For example, if you got 42 questions correct on the multiple choice/grid-in section and earned 25 points on the free response section, your raw score would be (42*.725) + (25*1.25) = 61.7 = just barely made it into the 5 category! This is without taking the curve into account, which is different every year, but it should give you a rough idea of where you stand. Unless you're scoring a really high 5 (90+), you should still put in a bit of study time to make sure you're fully prepared. If you score low (a 1 or a 2), you might make it your goal to raise your score to a 3. Just keep in mind that some schools don't accept 3s for college credit, so you may want to aim higher after you make it to this first milestone. Most colleges consider a 4 to be the standard cutoff for AP credit, so you should try for at least a 4 if you're hoping to get a head start in college. Once you're consistently scoring in the 3 range, you can set a 4 or 5 as your goal. Even if you're already at the 4 or 5 level, you probably still have some room to improve. It's nice to get in some extra practice so that you feel very comfortable on the real test. Depending on how much you need to improve and how long you want to spread out your studying, you might come up with different plans. To improve by one AP score point, you can get away with studying only two months or so in advance. If you're hoping to improve by 2 or more AP score points, you should try to start midway through the school year if you want to avoid cramming. Confidence is key. If you need to wear a business suit to the test to make yourself feel in control, go for it (I am not responsible for the relentless mocking you will endure from your peers). Step 3: Analyze Your Mistakes This is the most critical part of the review process, and it's particularly important for AP Biology. There's a lot of material to learn, and you don't want to waste time going over concepts that you already have down. Comb through your mistakes on the diagnostic test to see where the most errors happened and why. Did your problems center more around lack of knowledge of background information or difficulty analyzing the scenarios presented to you on the test (you knew the information, but you couldn't get the question because it confused you)? You will most likely have a little of each type of problem, but if one is more prevalent than the other, you should take that into account for your studying strategy. For example, it wouldn't be a good idea to keep drilling yourself on basic content knowledge if most of your mistakes came in the form of misinterpreting complex questions or reading diagrams incorrectly. You would want to devote less of your time to reviewing biological terms and more of your time to doing real practice questions. Even in those cases, you'll probably still have at least a few issues with content knowledge. As you go through your mistakes, keep a running list of the ideas you need to revisit in your notes or review book. If you're caught off guard by your unfamiliarity with a certain topic, you should pay special attention to that topic in your studying. You may also notice mistakes due to carelessness or time pressure that aren't directly related to your knowledge of the material or understanding of the question. In this case, you'll need to think about revising your basic test-taking strategies. In the next step, I'll go into more detail on this. Do some practice test detective work! I think this is a detective. Either that or a random guy smoking a pipe and trying to figure out how bad the pimple on his nose looks. Step 4: Fix Your Mistakes There are a few things you can do to revise your strategies for taking the exam and effectively review concepts that you didn't understand. The obvious first step is to go back into your textbook, your notes, or a reliable review book (or even all three!) and brush up on the information you forgot. Sometimes for biology, this is a little overwhelming because of the complexity of the material. If you're trying to understand systems or processes, I'd recommend testing yourself by drawing diagrams of how they work. This will allow you to make connections between dry facts presented in the text and the biological reality of what's happening in the system. It will help you not only in your content knowledge but also in your ability to analyze related scenarios on the test. You can use this strategy for many concepts in AP Biology, and it will make them much simpler to understand. To correct your other mistakes that have more to do with question comprehension, you'll need to focus on doing similar practice questions. I'd recommend getting this book of Sterling AP Biology Practice Questions for some questions that are organized logically by topic area and well-aligned with the new exam format. More practice is also a good remedy for careless errors and time management problems. You can learn how to better identify the key parts of each question and avoid distractions that might throw you off. Underlining the most important parts of the question can be a good strategy if you're prone to careless errors. If time management is a problem, put some thought into why you ran out of time. Did you linger for too long on difficult questions? Remember, it's a smart idea to skip questions that are giving you a lot of trouble (not answerable within a minute) and come back to them later once you've gotten through the whole section. Practice makes perfect. Maybe you can compose an AP Biology song to help you remember stuff. "Now enzymes....BREAK IT DOWN!" Step 5: Take Another Test and Repeat Previous Steps Now that you've analyzed and fixed your mistakes on the diagnostic test and done some more targeted studying, it's time to take another practice test. Score the new test, then repeat steps 3 and 4. You should notice improvements as you continue to repeat this process and gain familiarity with the format and content of the test. If you don't notice positive changes from one test to the next, it may be time to reevaluate your review techniques. Depending on how early you start studying and how much you want to improve, you might go through these steps once, twice, or seven times. You can continue the process until you achieve your score goals or run out of study time! Conclusion The AP Biology test is a long exam, and it covers a wide range of material. Recently, the test was updated to focus less on information recall and more on analytical thinking, which can be good and bad. You won't have to rely on memorization as much, but your score will be highly dependent on your ability to think through complicated scenarios that are presented on the test. In your AP Biology review, you should still go over all of the information you learned in the course. However, you should also devote a significant amount of your time to practice testing so that you can learn to think the way the test wants you to think. If you plan your study time wisely and learn how to solve the types of questions that are most difficult for you, you'll be on your way to a great score! What's Next? Ready to jump into reviewing biology concepts? We have guides to help you review cell theory, enzymes, and homologous and analogous structures, as well as quick looks at parts of the cell (cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum) and the photosynthesis equation. Wondering exactly how much time you have before your AP tests? Here are the AP test dates and times for 2020. If you're in AP Biology, you should consider taking the Biology SAT Subject Test as well. Find out the difference between AP tests and SAT Subject Tests and which are more important for college. Considering an AP Calculus course? Read this article for some guidance on deciding whether you should take AP Calculus AB or BC. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

An Overview of Solstices and Equinoxes

An Overview of Solstices and Equinoxes The June and December solstices mark the longest and shortest days of the year. The March and September equinoxes, meanwhile, mark the two days of each year when day and night are of equal length. June Solstice (Approximately June 20-21) The June solstice begins summer in the Northern Hemisphere and winter in the Southern Hemisphere. This day is the longest of the year in the Northern Hemisphere and the shortest of the year in the Southern Hemisphere. North Pole: The North Pole (90 degrees north latitude) receives 24 hours of daylight, as it has been daylight at the North Pole for the last three months (since the March Equinox). The sun is 66.5 degrees off the zenith or 23.5 degrees above the horizon.Arctic Circle: It is light 24 hours a day north of the Arctic Circle (66.5 degrees north) on the June solstice. The sun at noon is 43 degrees off the zenith.Tropic of Cancer: On the June Solstice the sun is directly overhead the Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees north latitude) at noon.Equator: At the equator (zero degrees latitude), the day is always 12 hours long. At the equator, the sun rises daily at 6 a.m. local time and sets at 6 p.m. local time. The sun at noon at the equator is 23.5 degrees off the zenith.Tropic of Capricorn: In the Tropic of Capricorn, the sun is low in the sky, at 47 degrees from the zenith (23.5 plus 23.5).Antarctic Circle: At the Antarctic Circle (66.5 degrees south), the sun makes the briefest of appearances at noon, peeking at the horizon and then instantaneously disappearing. All areas south of the Antarctic Circle are dark on the June Solstice. South Pole: By June 21, it has been dark for three months at the South Pole (90 degrees south latitude). September Equinox (Approximately September 22-23) The September equinox marks the beginning of fall in the Northern Hemisphere and spring in the Southern Hemisphere. There are 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness at all points on the earth’s surface on the two equinoxes. Sunrise is at 6 a.m. and sunset is at 6 p.m. local (solar) time for most points on the earth’s surface. North Pole: The sun is on the horizon at the North Pole on the September equinox in the morning. The sun sets at the North Pole at noon on the September equinox and the North Pole remains dark until the March equinox.Arctic Circle: Experiences 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. The sun is 66.5 degrees off the zenith or 23.5 degrees above the horizon.Tropic of Cancer: Experiences 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. The sun is 23.5 degrees off the zenith.Equator: The sun is directly overhead the equator at noon on the equinox. On both equinoxes, the sun is directly over the equator at noon.Tropic of Capricorn: Experiences 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. The sun is 23.5 degrees off the zenith.Antarctic Circle: Experiences 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness.South Pole: The sun rises at the South Pole after the Pole has been dark for the past six months (since the March equinox). The sun rises to the horizon and it remains light at the Sout h Pole for six months. Each day, the sun appears to rotate around the South Pole at the same declination angle in the sky. December Solstice (Approximately December 21-22) The December solstice marks the beginning of summer in the Southern Hemisphere and is the longest day of the year in the Southern Hemisphere. It marks the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere and is the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. North Pole: At the North Pole, it has been dark for three months (since the September equinox). It remains dark for another three (until the March equinox).Arctic Circle: The sun makes the briefest of appearances at noon, peeking at the horizon and then instantaneously disappearing. All areas north of the Arctic Circle are dark on the December solstice.Tropic of Cancer: The sun is low in the sky, at 47 degrees from the zenith (23.5 plus 23.5) at noon.Equator: The sun is 23.5 degrees from the zenith at noon.Tropic of Capricorn: The sun is directly overhead the Tropic of Capricorn on the December solstice.Antarctic Circle: It is light 24 hours a day south of the Antarctic Circle (66.5 degrees north) on the June solstice. The sun at noon is 47 off the zenith.South Pole: The South Pole (90 degrees south latitude) receives 24 hours of daylight, as it has been daylight at the South Pole for the last three months (since the September equinox). The sun is 66.5 degrees off the zenith or 23.5 degrees above the horizon. It will remain light at the South Pole for another three months. March Equinox (Approximately March 20-21) The March equinox marks the beginning of fall in the Southern Hemisphere and spring in the Northern Hemisphere. There are 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness at all points on the earth’s surface during the two equinoxes. Sunrise is at 6 a.m. and sunset is at 6 p.m. local (solar) time for most points on the earth’s surface. North Pole: The sun is on the horizon at the North Pole on the March equinox. The sun rises at the North Pole at noon to the horizon on the March equinox and the North Pole remains light until the September equinox.Arctic Circle: Experiences 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. The sun is 66.5 off the zenith and low in the sky at 23.5 degrees above the horizon.Tropic of Cancer: Experiences 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. The sun is 23.5 degrees off the zenith.Equator: The sun is directly overhead the equator at noon on the equinox. During both equinoxes, the sun is directly over the equator at noon.Tropic of Capricorn: Experiences 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. The sun is 23.5 degrees off the zenith.Antarctic Circle: Experiences 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness.South Pole: The sun sets at the South Pole at noon after the Pole has been light for the past six months (since the September equinox). The day begins on the horizon in the morning and by the end of the day, the sun has set.

Bus law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bus law - Case Study Example The Verbal Negotiations Winston Graham, a partner of antic dealers, went to Daly Car Sales Ltd., a commercial vehicle dealer, to purchase a van after one of their three delivery vans was â€Å"written-off† in an an accident. Graham conveyed that he was in search for a replacement vehicle that can load up to 1 ton and a cubic capacity of 200 feet. He also explained that the vehicle will be maximized for regular delivery of furniture, their business, and that the average journey would involve normally four or fine large items of furniture. Immediately, Alan Daly retorted that there was an available van that will befit Graham needs. He was referring to a White Transit XL which he warrants as a van with capacity to run at a distance of 48,000 miles on the clock and the storage capacity suitable enough for delivery of furniture. ... The asking price was L4,800 (plus VAT) but Winston counter-offered a price of L 4,500 (plus VAT). Mr. Daly finally accepted Winston’s offer and they proceeded in signing the contract of sale, the latter was a standard form contract, the nature of which implied â€Å"take it or leave it† concept. Daly wrote â€Å"White, Transit XL, 48,072 miles† as details of the object of the contract. A week after the delivery of van, the firm’s driver reported a serious oil leak and a technical problem with its clutch. These problems were conveyed to Mr. Daly via telephone who assured Graham that his company would look into the problem if it will be returned to them before the end of the week. Graham failed to follow Daly’s advice following series of delivery schedules. Said van collected five antique desks and other heavy items which reached approximately the weight of 1 ton, just when its brake failed to stop the vehicle at a junction. Luckily, they were able to escape possible accident. But such experience made the driver decide not ever to use the new van for deliveries and collection to evade possible circumstance that an accident could happen anytime van’s defective engine and brake. The firm however used the van for â€Å"light duties† until it finally came to a halt. After thorough mechanical inspection, it was reported that the van necessitate complete replacement of engine and of clutch. Report also bared that the damage is attributable to constant loss of oil. The van’s total repair will cost more than L 1,000. While at this state, Graham discovered that the vehicle has only a cubic capacity of 150 feet and a load of half a ton. The Exclusion Clause The contract of the sale of van had an exclusion clause under Clause

Critical overview of the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Dissertation - 1

Critical overview of the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example The onset of globalization, which is characterized by the drastic integration of international trade into one single market, further underscored this as trade disputes and disagreements between countries emerge with the increase in international commerce. According to Lu, Verheyen and Perera, arbitration has been the most common dispute resolution mechanism today both in the international market and among parties that conduct business with sovereign states that the enforceability of awards has become increasingly important and practical.1 (p. 163-164) According to FINRA, parties may even prefer arbitration than a juridical process because the process is faster and more effective.2 Currently, the multilateral arbitration mechanism that most states are subjected to is the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958 otherwise known as the New York Convention. As of 2009, 142 out of the 192 members of the United Nations signed the convention. The majo rity of global trading organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) also accede to this convention. It mandates all courts of the ratifying states to enforce and recognize private agreements and â€Å"arbitral awards made in the territory of a State other than the State where the recognition and enforcement of such awards are sought, and arising out of differences between persons, whether physical or legal.†3 Saudi Arabia has been receptive of foreign arbitration awards in the past and rarely elevated disputes to international fora but its courts do not automatically endorse foreign judgments.4 In April 19, 1994, the country signed the convention. Some changes have been effected with regards to enforcement of arbitration awards. When Saudi signed the convention, a royal decree (No. M/11 of 16/7/1414) was released, which provided that recognition and enforcement of foreign awards should be limited to those made in the territory of States, which have also acceded thereto.5 This among other factors such as the persistence of Islamic law and the effects it entail in doing business in the country has made the situation complicated and at times problematic particularly in terms of the enforcement of arbitral awards. This problem would be investigated by this research, with the initial expectation that there are numerous variables that hinder and limit such enforcement particularly in the religious and bureaucratic spheres. 3.0 Scope of the Study In pursuing the research objective, this research would focus on two important conventions that Saudi is party to: the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958 and the Riyadh Convention. These mechanisms would be used as the standards by which arbitration awards enforcement are either successful or a failure exclusively in the Saudi experience. 4.0. Methodology Since this is a descriptive and analytical research, this study will not use models for empirical inquiries. Instead, this researcher will use a combination of ‘black-letter' doctrinal analysis and ‘law in context' approaches. The idea is to capture the complexity of having to discuss the general subject of

Capital Asset Pricing Model importance in financial world

Capital Asset Pricing Model importance in financial world Capital asset pricing model popularly referred to as CAPM has been of great importance in the asset pricing world. There have been wide acceptances as well as strong arguments regarding the validity of the model over the years, with regards to the fundamental assumptions of the model and the practicability of the model (Bodie, Kane and Marcus, 2005). (Bodie, Kane and Marcus, 2005) The capital asset pricing model provides a yardstick rate of return for appraising possible investments. The standard rate of return is a fair return given the risk involved in the investment. The model also helps us make an educated guess as to the expected return on assets that has not yet been traded in the market place. (Bodie, Kane and Marcus 2005) The CAPM assumes that the security market is large and investors are price takers, there are no taxes or transaction costs, all risky assets are publicly traded, investors can borrow and lend any amount at a fixed risk free rate, all investors analyze securities in the same way and share the same economic view about the world. (Bodie, Kane and Marcus 2005) The organisation of this write-up is as follows a detailed introduction of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), followed by a literate review of the model which goes into an in-depth analysis of the model as regards to its functions, compatibility and suitability as it relates to asset pricing. Finally, in conclusion a capsulation of the defects, modification and significance of CAPM. J.Balvers, 2001 The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is the most popular model of the determination of expected returns on securities and other financial assets. It is considered to be an asset pricing model since, for a given exogenous expected payoff, the asset price can be backed out once the expected return is determined. Additionally, the expected return derived within the CAPM or any other asset pricing model may be used to discount future cash flows (J. Balvers, 2001.p.35). Furthermore according to Bodie, Kane and Marcus, 2005, described CAPM as a method suitable for determining required rate of return of an asset. The model is considered as an extension of Markowitzs portfolio theory. It is expressed in a linear relationship between the return required on an investment and its systematic risk. As described below: E [Ra] =RF + ÃŽÂ ²a [E (Rm) RF), Where, E [Ra] is expressed as the required return on financial assets. Rf is the risk-free rate of return, E [Rm] is the expected market return and ÃŽÂ ²a is the measure of risk [Beta]. CAPM advocates; investors need to be rewarded in two ways: firstly for the time value of money and secondly risk associated with the security. The first half of the formula represents risk free return (Rf) that compensates the investors for placing money in any investment over a period of time. The other half of the formula represents [ÃŽÂ ² E(Rm Rf)] risk premium for bearing additional risk. (Hanif and Bhatti 2010) A more graphical and pictorial representation of CAPM is expressed in the Security Market Line (SML); the line shows the most efficient risk and return to an investor. It shows the expected rate of return of an individual security as a function of systematic risk (beta). FIGURE 1: THE SECURITY MARKET LINE Y X Source: Balvers,(2001:41) The Y-intercept (beta=0) of the SML is equal to the risk-free interest rate. The slope of the SML is equal to the market risk premium (Â µm -rf) and reflects the risk return trade off at a given time: SML: E(Â µM) = Rf + ÃŽÂ ²i [E(Â µm)-Rf] The risk expected return relationship is called the security market line (SML).The expected return on security equals the risk free rate plus the risk premium. In CAPM the risk is measured as beta times the expected return on the market minus the risk free rate. The risk premium of a security is a function of the risk premium of the market and varies directly with the level of beta, no measure of non-systematic risk appears in the risk premium, as CAPM assumes that diversification has eliminated it. (Mullins 2000.) LITERATURE REVIEW Beta is the standard CAPM measure of systematic risk, one way to think of beta is that it gauges security volatility relative to the market volatility (Mullins, 2000,p.108). Stock whose beta are greater than 1 has a high level of systematic risk and are very sensitive to the market changes, stock with beta less than 1 has a very low level of systematic risk and less sensitive to market changes, stock whose beta is equal to 1 as an average level of systematic risk, rise and falls at the same percentage as the broad market index. (Mullins, 2000) In a freely competitive financial market described by CAPM, no security can sell for long at a price low enough to yield more than its appropriate return on the SML. The security will be very attractive compared with other securities of similar risk and investors would bid its price up until its expected return fell to the appropriate position on the SML. Conversely, investors would sell off any stock, selling at a price high enough to put its expected return below its appropriate position. The resulting reduction in price would continue until the stocks expected return rose to the level defensible by its systematic risk. (Mullins 2000). On the SML the stocks with low beta will lead to a low risk premium. Despite the stocks high level of total risk, the market would price it to yield a low expected return. In practice such counterintuitive examples are rare, most companies with high total risk also have high betas and vice versa. Though according to CAPM the financial market cares only about systematic risk and price securities such that expected return lie along the SML. (Mullins 2000). One of the major purposes of the Capital asset pricing model is the determinant of the institutional demand for common stock. At the most basic level, institutional demand should be a function of the risk-return attributes of individual stocks. (Hanif and Bhatti 2010). It is mostly used by the finance managers and/or investors in finding the risk of the investment and to predict the expected return of the stock (Jagannathan and Wang, 1993). It is also used to find out the cost of capital, Capital budgeting is used by a firm to note profitable and unprofitable projects. A key variable in any capital budgeting procedure is the cost of capital, also referred to as the opportunity cost of the capital necessary to finance the project. The opportunity cost accounts for time preference as measured by the risk free interest rate and risk. It assumes that relevant risk is systematic risk that can be measured based on the (estimated) beta of the project and the anticipated market excess return. A related application is in regulation. In a case, for instance, where the government fixes the price of a particular service provided by a utility, the administered price depends on providing the utility with a fair return on capital. This fair return is often calculated by applying the CAPM to determine the systematic risk of the utilitys activities and thus obtaining the required return (J. BALVERS, 2001). CAPM is also an effective tool for portfolio return evaluation; it is used to find out how a managed portfolio has performed. This is because higher levels of systematic risk in the portfolio imply higher average returns. In practice it is used to adjust for risk and also differentiate abnormal returns from simply excess returns. (J. BALVERS, 2001) Mullins, 2000 states that CAPM as an idealized theory of financial markets is surrounded by some controversies in that the models assumptions are viewed as clearly unrealistic. But the true test of CAPM is naturally evident in how well it works there have been numerous empirical test of CAPM. Most of these have been examined in the past to determine the extent to which stock returns and betas have corresponded in the manner predicted by the security market line. With few exceptions the major empirical bodies in this field have concluded that betas are not fixed through time. This fact creates difficulty when betas estimated from historical data are used to calculate costs of equity in evaluating future cash flows. Beta which is used as a measure of risk appears to be associated to with past returns, due to the close link between total and systematic risk, distinguishing their effects will be difficult. Under CAPM it is believed that Beta should change has both company fundamentals and capital structure changes in reality. It is also argued that beta estimates from the past are subject to statistical estimation error. The estimate of the future risk free rate and the expected return on the market are also subject to error, although quite alot of research has concentrated on developing methods to reduce the possible error (Mullins, 2000). Reality matches what the CAPM foretell as the relationship between beta and past returns is linear. Also the relationship is positively sloped which implies that high returns are associated with high risk and low returns are associated with low risk (J. BALVERS, 2001) CONCLUSION In conclusion despite CAPM shortcomings in measuring the cost of capital and due to its single period model coupled with its inability to reflect all market information (efficient market hypothesis) (Johnson, Spearin Groenewegen 2006). Speaking of the inability of CAPM to fully capture and reflect a real life situation this can be better explained in the role CAPM plays in efficient market hypothesis (EMH). Basically there are three forms of market the strong form of market efficiency (EMH) in which the market prices reflects all available information which includes both the insider information and forecast information on a real time basis making asymmetry information absent. Though this cannot be totally assured in the two remaining forms of EMH the semi-weak and weak form of efficiency do no justice when it comes reflecting all available information present in the market on a timely basis and a more informed investor can outperform both uninformed investor and the market as a whol e (Z.A. Ozidemir 2008). In line with the above statement (Merton 1987) was of the notion that in reality some investors were better more informed than others to the extent that some less informed investors were not aware of the existence of some opportunities in the capital market. Despite this deficiency some investors still used CAPM to measure asymmetry information that was present in the market by modifying it to take care of the heterogeneous information. Which included the measurement of how asymmetry information influences stock prices and cost of capital (Easley and OHara 2004).An in-depth examination of the model proves that the use of CAPM both in theory and in practice cannot be totally discarded in that it has much to say as regards to the way returns are determined in the financial market as compared to other models. Its key advantage is that it quantifies risk and provides a widely applicable, relatively objective routine for translating risk measured into estimates of an expected return coupl ed with modification of the traditional CAPM contain the impact of changes in expected return distribution (Javed, 2000). Finally a major advantage of CAPM is the objective nature of the estimated cost of equity that the model can yield. CAPM cannot be used in isolation because it necessarily simplifies the world of financial markets. But financial managers can use it to supplement other techniques and their own judgement in their attempts to develop realistic and useful cost of equity calculations (Mullins, 2000).

Case Analysis Swatch Essay

In 1978, when Dr. Ernst Thomke became managing director of ETA, the position of this Swiss flagship industry had changed dramatically. Especially with the presence of a strong competency (Japan and U. S). Macro-environment: (PESTEL Analysis) * Economic: Threat: The market share had fallen from 56% to a mere 20%. Opportunity: The production had grown from 61 million to 320 million pieces and movements annually. Opportunity: the decline of the dollar was not quite as evident. Threat: Market share loss was more pronounced in finished watches (Japan was producing 50. million Electronic watch compared to Switzerland and had 21% of market share on finished watches) Threat: The situation was aggravated by adverse exchange rate movements relative to the U. S Dollar. Swiss watches was more expensive. Summary: The company had a great problem due to the high technologies of competitors, also their watches was more expensive so their market share had decreased. Industry Environment: 5 Forces of M. Porter: Threat of entry: * New entrants in the market of watches: Japan, Hong Kong. * Prices dropped dramatically from 1000/2000 $ in 1970 to merely 20/40 $ by the end of 70’s * In the 80’s, several competitors switched to the more sophisticated analogue models and thus created competition for the Swatch. Intensity of rivalry among existing competitors: Japan held the technological edge and created the new electronic watch to compete with Swatch. Most of the early American digital watch producers had started to withdraw from the watch business * Ebauches entered into direct international competition with Japanese, French, German and Soviet manufacturers. Bargaining power of Suppliers: * Ebauches S. A, of which ETA was part, was the major producer and supplier of watch movements for ASUAG, the main company (the Switzerland’s largest watch corporation). Bargaining power of Buyers: The third world and newly industrialized nations offer a previously unexplored market for Swatch * The Swiss exported movements and unassembled parts to foreign customers * ETA expanded its movements sales beyond its then current customers (Switzerland, France and Germany) to Japan, Hong Kong and Brazil. Substitute Products: * The invention of â€Å"Electronic Watches† by Japan. The new analogue watch designed by Swatch Key Success Factors: * The â€Å"Delirium† project with the objective to create the world’s thinnest analogue quartz movement. * Highly qualified labor, requiring flexibility, quality, and first-class styling at low-cost. The company adopted the strategy of differentiation and low-cost (economies of scale). * The Swiss company had their stronghold in assembly. * ETA and its parent company ASUAG have a long history of high quality watch design and manufacture. * As part of Switzerland’s largest watch company, ETA had the resources to mount a turnaround effort. * ETA claimed more control over its distribution channels and increased authority in formulating its strategy. The Swatch is produced in one single operation, which means that the production costs are lower. Attractive distributor margins and extensive training of the retailers sales personnel combined with innovative advertising ensure the unique positioning of the product. * The Swatch’s innovative design and production technology led to the creation of a low-cost, highly reliable watch; giving ETA a clear competitive advantage. * Strong brand and customer loyalty: †¢ Repositioning into in the fashion market. A wide range of products with different designs across all price points Mission, Goals, Objectives, Social Responsibility and Ethics: Objectives: Price: Quartz-analogue watch, retailing for no more than 50 Franc Suisse * Sales target: 10 million pieces during the first three years. * Manufacturing costs: Initially 15 SFr – less than those of any competitor. At a cumulative volume of 5 million pieces, learning and scale economies would reduce costs to 10 SFr or less. Continued expansion would yield long-term estimated costs per watch of less than 7 SFr. * Quality: High quality, waterproof, shock resistant, no repair possible, battery only replaceable element, all parts standardized, free choice of material, model variations only in dial and hands.